Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: The Autophagy-Related Protein ATG8 Orchestrates Asexual Development and AFB1 Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus

doi: 10.3390/jof10050349

Figure Lengend Snippet: ATG8 contributes to aflatoxin biosynthesis. ( A ) Thin-layer chromatography analysis of AFB1 production by WT, Δ atg 8, and atg8 C strains in YES liquid media after 5 days of culture at 29 °C; ( B ) Quantification analysis of AFB1 production in panel A; ( C ) AF gene cluster in A. flavus categorized into three stages; ( D ) Relative expression levels of genes related to AF biosynthesis. ** and *** indicate p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively.

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used as the control.

Techniques: Thin Layer Chromatography, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: The Autophagy-Related Protein ATG8 Orchestrates Asexual Development and AFB1 Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus

doi: 10.3390/jof10050349

Figure Lengend Snippet: ATG8’s role in A. flavus colonization on crops. ( A ) Colonization of peanut seeds and maize kernels by WT, Δ atg8 , and atg8 C strains at 29 °C in darkness for 5 days; ( B ) Conidia count statistics of the fungal strains on peanut seeds and maize kernels; ( C ) TLC analysis of AFB1 yield by the fungal strains on the kernels; ( D ) Quantification analysis of AFB1 production in panel C. ** and *** indicate p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively.

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used as the control.

Techniques:

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

doi: 10.3390/foods13030487

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation parameters for AFB1 quantitative determination method.

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

doi: 10.3390/foods13030487

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell viability of AFB1 and AFB1 + garlic samples at different times and dilutions. Cell viability (%) results obtained for differentiated Caco-2 cells after exposure to AFB1 and AFB1–garlic bread intestinal digests.

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

doi: 10.3390/foods13030487

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of intestinal digests on Jurkat T cell cycle as assessed by flow cytometry. Cells were exposed for 7 days to bread digest (DB); garlic bread digest (garlic DB); AFB1 bread digest (0.7 µM) (AFB1 DB); and AFB1 (0.7 µM) + garlic (AFB1–garlic DB) bread digest. AFB1 concentration after both AFB1 and AFB1 + garlic exposures was 0.7 µM. p < 0.05 (*). Mean ± standard deviation ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

doi: 10.3390/foods13030487

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bread intestinal digest on apoptosis/necrosis as assessed by flow cytometry. Significant differences from the control, indicated by Jurkat T cells, compared with samples exposed for 7 days to bread digest (DB); bread digest garlic (garlic DB); AFB1 (0.7 µM) bread digest; and AFB1 (0.7 µM) + garlic bread digest. p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***). Mean ± standard deviation ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Standard Deviation

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

doi: 10.3390/foods13030487

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Bar plot showing ROS production in Jurkat T cells exposed for 7 days to cell media, bread digest (DB); garlic DB; AFB1 DB; and AFB1–garlic DB in relation to DB. AFB1 concentration in both AFB1 DB and AFB1–garlic DB conditions was 0.7 µM. ( b ) Fluorescence representation obtained by overlaying the single plot of each condition by flow cytometry. ROS: reactive oxygen species; TBHP: tert-Butyl hydroperoxide. p < 0.001 (***). Mean ± standard deviation ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Standard Deviation

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

doi: 10.3390/foods13030487

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of intestinal bread digests (0.7 µM) compared with control on mitochondrial ROS as assessed by flow cytometry. Significant differences from the control indicated as p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***). ( a ) Bar plots showing Jurkat T cells exposed for 7 days to control (non-exposed cells), digested bread (DB), garlic DB, AFB1 DB, AFB1 + garlic DB, and the negative control, and then stained with MitoSOX for flow cytometry detection. AFB1 concentration for both A and A + G exposures was 0.7 µM. ( b ) Fluorescence representation obtained by overlaying the single plot of each condition by flow cytometry. Mean ± standard deviation ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Negative Control, Staining, Concentration Assay, Fluorescence, Standard Deviation

Journal: Foods

Article Title: Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

doi: 10.3390/foods13030487

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of intestinal bread digests (0.7 µM) compared with control on mitochondrial mass as assessed by flow cytometry. Significant differences from the control indicated as p < 0.05 (*). Jurkat T cells were exposed to each exposure for 7 days (non-exposed cells), digested bread (DB), garlic DB, AFB1 DB, AFB1–garlic DB, and then fixed and stained with MitoTracker ® for flow cytometry detection. AFB1 concentration for both AFB1 DB and AFB1–garlic DB exposures was 0.7 µM. MFI: median fluorescent intensity. Mean ± standard deviation ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: AFB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Staining, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation